History of Ithaca
The history of Ithaca through the centuries
Mythology
Ithaca, world-renowned as the homeland of Odysseus, is more than a symbol of return; it is the very stage where mythology meets the human odyssey. In Homer’s epic, the Odyssey, the island is portrayed as a place of longing—filled with love, nostalgia, and anticipation. It was from this island that King Odysseus embarked on his journey to Troy, only to spend ten arduous, mythical years striving to return—facing gods, monsters, and mortal trials to reach his homeland, his wife Penelope, and his son Telemachus.
In antiquity, Ithaca was far more than a mere geographic location. It was the embodiment of faith, perseverance, and the profound human yearning for nostos—the deep desire for homecoming. The Cave of the Naiads, the Port of Phorcys, the Palace of Odysseus, and Mount Neriton are described in such vivid detail that they continue to inspire awe in modern visitors. The present-day island, with landscapes strikingly similar to those immortalized in epic poetry, continues to carry its mythological legacy—not merely as a tourist narrative, but as a living cultural experience.
Historical Periods of Ithaca
- Mycenaean Period (ca. 1600–1100 BC): One of the most important eras in Ithaca’s history, due to its strong association with Odysseus and Homer’s Odyssey.
The island was inhabited during the Mycenaean era, leaving behind significant archaeological traces of this advanced Bronze Age civilization—such as palatial architecture, artifacts, and possible administrative centers. - Roman Rule (2nd century BC – 4th century AD):The Romans conquered Ithaca in the 2nd century BC, incorporating it into their vast empire. During this period, the island became a cultural landmark, especially revered for its Homeric connections. Roman coins and texts preserved the island’s identity as the homeland of Odysseus.
- Byzantine Empire (395 – 1185 AD): Following the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Ithaca became part of the Byzantine world.
This era brought relative stability, Christianization, and cultural exchanges. Numerous chapels and monastic structures were established across the island. - Ottoman Rule (1479 – 1500): The Ottoman Empire took control of the island in the late 15th century, a short but challenging period that led to a decline in Ithaca’s prosperity and autonomy.
- Venetian Rule (1503 – 1797): The Venetians seized Ithaca in the early 16th century, initiating a long period of renewed prosperity.
They strengthened trade, fortified the island, and left a visible imprint on local architecture and society, while Greek cultural and religious traditions flourished. - British Protectorate (1815 – 1864): In the 19th century, Ithaca became part of the United States of the Ionian Islands, a British protectorate.
This era introduced modern infrastructure and education reforms, preparing the island for its eventual union with Greece. - Union with Greece (1864 – present): In 1864, Ithaca was officially united with the newly established Greek state. This marked the beginning of a new chapter in the island’s modern history—shaped by national revival, war, earthquake devastation (1953), and eventual cultural and touristic resurgence.
The 1953 Earthquake Era
Ιn August 1953, Ithaca—along with the neighboring Ionian Islands—was struck by one of the most devastating seismic events in modern Greek history. A powerful series of earthquakes, peaking at a magnitude of 7.2, shook the region to its core, leaving behind a trail of destruction that reshaped the island’s landscape and soul. The main quake, accompanied by severe aftershocks, reduced entire villages to rubble, destroyed homes, churches, and historical buildings, and displaced a large portion of the population. Roads were blocked by landslides, water supplies disrupted, and traditional architecture all but vanished in the worst-affected areas.
Yet amid the despair, the earthquake era became a testament to the enduring spirit of the Ithacans. In the aftermath, local communities, with the help of limited state aid and support from the Greek diaspora and foreign humanitarian efforts, began to rebuild—stone by stone, memory by memory.
Many families were forced to emigrate, especially to Australia and the United States, initiating a new chapter in the island’s demographic story.
Recent history
In recent years, Ithaca has become a vibrant destination that gracefully balances tradition and modern life. From authentic rural communities to renovated accommodations and cultural festivals, the island continues to evolve without losing its unique character.
As tourism began to grow in the late 20th century, Ithaca opened its doors to travelers from around the world. With a focus on authentic experiences, the island deliberately avoided mass tourism models. Instead, it developed with ecological awareness and respect for its natural and cultural landscape. Boutique hotels, traditional guesthouses, restaurants serving local cuisine, and activities such as hiking, sailing, and cultural tours now shape Ithaca’s distinctive approach to hospitality.
Alongside tourism, Ithaca preserves its deep connection to nature and self-sufficiency. Agriculture—especially the production of high-quality olive oil—fishing, and seamanship remain integral to island life. Coastal villages are home to fishing boats, while maritime traditions are passed down through generations. Many Ithacans continue to work in shipping, maintaining the island’s long-standing relationship with the sea.